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The bow and twist allowance in a circuit card assembly (CCA) or a printed circuit board (PCB) extend from the manufacturing processes and result to the installation and mechanical packaging while in operation.
A bolted joint is the joining of two pieces of material using a bolt (or other threaded fastener) and a nut or threaded/tapped hole. It is expected that the bolted joint will be able to withstand the maximum applied forces to the joint over its lifetime.
Choosing the correct rivet length for structural and nonstructural purposes is important for making full use of the material properties of the chosen rivet. Rivets are permanent mechanical fasteners that plastically deform to maintain axial loading on a joint.
The Rockwell hardness test is a non-destructive testing method performed by comparing depth of indentations. The test is defined in ASTM E-18 and ISO 6508-1. The hardness test is named after the inventor of the Rockwell hardness tester machine...
As predominantly a welding (or sintering) process, metal 3D printing involves similar design guidelines and approaches with fewer restrictions and variables. Additive manufacturing allows more freedom of design with less constraint, the goal of design engineers since designs first revolved around available manufacturing technologies.
Additive manufacturing processes can provide value at nearly all aspects of a manufacturing line, whether allowing for the supply chain to be brought in-house or opening the manufacturing capabilities to include far more complex parts. Determining whether integrating a 3D printing process into the manufacturing line will increase or decrease efficiency, though, requires a fairly thorough analysis of past, present, and future projects.
The process of 3D printing metal is very similar to welding and the same issues are generally present. Porosity, cracks, undercuts, and more problems can occur during a printing process. Certifying that the part will work as designed requires testing of the material as well as sample testing of the part. In order to guarantee these tests, prototyping a printing process is important.
Design engineering and manufacturing engineering should be closely tied together in practical applications; therefore, it is important to fully understand what a pitch diameter is and how the tolerance range may dictate the best design/manufacturability ratio...
